Constitution vs Articles of Confed. Essay - 902 Words

REPORT: CONSTITUTION As one of the creators of the new Constitution of 1788, you are chosen to present its strengths as compared to the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation. What areas of importance will you stress in attempting to get it passed unanimously? Give good well-reasoned arguments in a report of approximately 400 words. You will need to research the details of each document, using resources from the library, the Internet, or other sources. Be sure to use proper spelling and grammar. Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation were a written agreement, ratified by the thirteen original states of the United States of America, which laid the guidelines as to how the US government was supposed to†¦show more content†¦Articles of Confederation vs. the US Constitution If you try to compare the Articles with the new Constitution, you realize that the former was full of drawbacks, while the latter had answers to all these drawbacks. The Articles was subjected to severe criticism for the very fact that it centralized all the powers in the hands of state government, and left the national government with no major powers at all. As opposed to the unicameral system which was facilitated by the Articles of Confederation, the US Constitution introduced the bicameral system of governance, which was divided into the upper house and lower house. Yet another difference between the two was pertaining to the number of votes each state had. While the Articles had a provision of one vote for every single state irrespective of its size, the US Constitution had the provision of one vote per representative or senator. Similarly, the new Constitution also made provision for executive and judiciary branches of the government, something which the Articles of Confederation didnt facilitate. When the Articles were the supreme law of the land, the national government required approval from 9 of the total 13 states to pass new laws. This was also changed in the new ConstitutionShow MoreRelatedArticles Of Confederation And The United States Constitution.1820 Words   |  8 PagesArticles of Confederation and the United States Constitution Cheryl Powers Chamberlain College of Nursing HIST 405 January, 2017 Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution Introduction: The strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation vs. the new Constitution of 1787 Created by Continental Congress, the Articles of Confederation were the first promising attempts of aligning the 13 colonies of the United States. By 1781 the Articles were finalized and became

Identity, a Theme in Gulliver´s Travels by Jonathan Swift

In the book Gullivers Travels by Jonathan Swift, Gulliver must see the world through anothers eyes to know where he, as a human in  ¨normal ¨ European life, really stands in the world through his times both large and small in the islands of Lilliput and Brobdingnag, his long, third voyage through the many islands, such as the island of Laputa, as an outcast, and his life changing experiences with the Houyhnhnms and their power over the human-like Yahoos. In the villages of Lilliput and Brobdingnag, Gulliver learns through being very large and very small, and is struggles throughout both of these in comparison to the rest of  ¨normal ¨ society. Through the many islands in the third voyage, es Gulliver learns through the way of an outcast, an outsider, viewing the diversity of the world at a different angle. Lastly, through those irreplaceable experiences with the Houyhnhnms Gulliver views society with these humans-like animals as lowly minority compared to the powerful, educat ed horses. In other words, Gulliver finds his true identity in his many trips through many different places, two in specific being the villages of Lilliput and Brobdingnag. To begin, as Gulliver views the world as a powerful giant among the small, and a powerless small individual among the giant, he is faced with opposite sides of the spectrum, and in these extreme situations he is forced to find who he truly is and lead himself to question his own society. For example, in the situation when Gulliver had

HRM Assignment free essay sample

In organization what are challenges for HRM department? Etc Introduction:- Now a day we known world is changing very fast. Every organization going international level, we see the organization have braches in different country. However, today the world become small like village amp; is changing day by day more rapidly because of globalization. Looking this changing around world then we have to prepare HRM for our organization because this changing of world affect our work. This means considerate the allegation of globalization, global economy, competition, technological dvancement, knowledge based economy, more expectation from employee, workforce diversity and etc Let’s see some of them how this changing effect HRM goals, objectives amp; practice. Globalization:- Fast changing of world amp; its environment, the organization members face the globalization of business. Now day’s organization is no longer controlled by nationwide boundaries. Example: BMW, this company ow ned from Germany but this company manufacture its Cars in South Carolina. Same McDonald’s have braches in different country around the world; they sale â€Å"Hamburgers† in china. American company Exxon is collecting it sale revenue more than â€Å"three-fourths† outside of USA. This example shows that the world becomes very small like â€Å"global village†, manufacturing and producing goods amp; service around the world. It’s effective in this global market, so organization members need to familiarize with country cultures, its system, and use â€Å"technique different from own†. In today world famous organization of America, like Coca- Cola, Wal-Mart, AFLAC this organization obtain major part of their annual revenues from overseas process. The increase of worldwide and conglomerate firm places fresh wants on HR managers. For occasion, HR must make sure that they have right employees with good skills, knowledge, and they have culture compliance to handle international work. Every country has their own rules, regulation and has different values, customs, political, laws and etc. HR mangers have to understand the societal issues (like e. g. status) that can be effect the process of organization in some country. Every country always has different rule amp; regulation in compare to other country. In America, laws protector against company taking action against workers exclusively on the necessary of a workers age. And not all country has same laws. HRM also need to develop method which help multicultural people work individuals on one platform. In organization more common, employee clash is possibly increased in â€Å"background, language, custom, or age difference†. HRM need to make groups and find to build proper teams amp; tried to reduce clash. Technology:- Because of technology the world become very small and we see there are lot of changes around us due to technology, before 25 years ago we don’t find computer, net, mobile, fax amp; Xerox machine, and many advance machinery amp; devices. Now a day we using in our daily life, without this think we can’t do our daily activities. Day today new technology coming in market we see first computer after that laptop now a day we see note book and I pad. â€Å"The silicon chip and other advances in technology have permanently altered world economics and, as well show momentarily, the way people work. † From advance technology we can share data, put data, through device we can communicate with each other and change information, share it amp; stored it. Let’s, we what information about our sales department and we want known what current situation. Before 25 to 30 years ago, first we need to submit our proposal to sale department, after couple of week we get answer of our proposal. Today we can easily get information and we can easily assess information from computer. Similarly we can easily assess our Account system also. Example:- In America 1970, many reputed organization like General Electric, Citigroup Global Technologies, Wal-Mart amp; 3M. This company are using automatic system for their offices, industrialized automatics system, computer- devise software, microprocessors and better technology in their organization. Because of technology, these organizations make great services amp; products and maintain competitive advantage. Technology process considered to make work more efficient, through any devices, machinery, and tools. And technology improvement provides best result and best output amp; information. Technology has optimistic effect also on internal process of organization. However, it also changed the way human resource manger work. The work and give support in what they contain turn into extra help communication centers. They circulate the information very quickly through computer, telephone, fax machines, printer and other advance devices. And they work anyplace through the computer, laptop, high-speed net at any time. The effect of technology identify, then mangers work better and with good plan of HRP, make better decisions amp; faster, more visibly identify work, amp; make stronger communications channel, with both view employees amp; external society. Example: Recruiting is most critical part, of broadcasting information to individuals. Newspaper adverts, from someone mouth, and posting jobs online. On company website or many specific jobsite on online, e. g. monster. com, jobs. com and etc. his online is big platform for HR manger to find out skills candidates. Or asked to candidates for paper print of CV and some company asking to submit online CV, from here manger can scanned quickly and significance to the job in analysis. Workforce Diversity:- Now a day, organization becomes extra diverse, company now days adapting their HR practice to reproduce those changes. In the world standard organizations today they ha ve workforce diversity programs, such as Back of America. They provide diversity training program, promote, â€Å"encourage vendor diversity† to their workers. In some organization, in reality ways they do cultural audits to make sure that diversity is enveloping in the organization. Such as like Motorola, Mars, Coca-cola. Example: â€Å"Distinctive voices working together within a common culture† Mars described how they are doing business. They believe that the company success is improved by having a workforce, completed of connections from lots of different backgrounds and they have society and customer in different types of individuals. And they have value talents to contributions of their diverse workforce in reaching towards future and they playing big role of leadership. Source: (www. mars. com/other_policies/diversity. as) Workforce diversity wants employers to be more aware to the differences that every group convey to the work background. Employers have to be familiar with amp; transact among different values, wants, comfort, and anticipation of workers. They have to stay away from any exercise or act that can be taking as being sexist, racist, or offensive to any exacting group amp; also not unlawfully distinguish against workers. Employers also find different ways to support workers in managing work/life issues. Changing nature of HRM: Trends like workforce, competitive amp; demographic these types of force businesses to change how they do things. As an example when there is more competition in market that mean more pressure for lower prices, amp; â€Å"make employees more productive†. That’s why most company are cutting staff, out sourcing duties amp; setup fresh productivity- getting better technologies. And same as part of these hard work, also they expect their â€Å"HR managers† to â€Å"add value†, in different words to make better organizational presentation in measurable conduct. (Fundamental of HRM) HRM role in managing workforce:- In 1960, there are personnel departments in many organizations they look about as â€Å"health amp; happiness† group. This department do main work like planning company â€Å"picnics†, scheduling vacation trip for organization, register workers for heath-cares reporting, and preparation for retirement get-together. This are changed earlier than past three decades. According to Federal amp; state laws:- Employers have more new requirements relating to appoint and employment exercise. Occupations are also changed. Employers are become more practical amp; want workers with great knowledge amp; great skills. In ancient time the workers work on specific sectors, and working same job duties among others who do comparable jobs. Now days workers are just as similar, but they are working on project teams and with different people with different department in organization. Some of them do their work at home and hardly ever see any of their collaborators. And now days we see in the world the global competition has increased the importance of make better workforce and making better productivity around globally for most excellent expert workers. As a result we need HRM in different expert in sociology, psychology, work design, regulation and in organization. Today many organizations identify the significance of â€Å"people† gathering their target. So, HRM should balance 2 main key tasks; give right strategic direction to organization and demonstrating amp; promoting for organizations employees. In today world organization HRM role is major amp; important. So HRM should need to think forward. HRM not only need to mange management but also give right strategic direction to management â€Å"people† for achieving the goal and objective of organization. Whatever strategic direction gives in organization is related to business strategy always. Its show that working with line management is illuminate organization structure, traditions, amp; system presentation, and show what are changes amp; development is necessary. HRM should hand out to organization through formative least possible price strategies to its HRM exercises. The organization has many parts, from many parts Human resources management is one part of organization. HRM deals with â€Å"people† in organization. There is one or two different ways to view HRM, 1st is HRM hold up or employees function in organization. Its role to give direction to employees and those who are in production department develop product and service for organization. 2nd in every organization HRM is function of all mangers occupation. The manger work or not in HRM department the truth is that all mangers mange and handle employees in organization. Around the world every organization has people, and they are managing amp; handling â€Å"people†. For mange people they go through from developing their skills amp; knowledge, motivating at good standard amp; perfect result, and make sure that they are going right direction according to organization goals and objectives. Recruiting: The good successful employment setting up is planned to classify company HR requirements. These types of requirements called as a company would like to gather them. On next level of recruitment, the company assuming and demanding for convinced expertise, understanding and capability is better from the present supply is recruiting. The company have to obtain the people required to make sure the continual action of the business. Recruiting is the method to find out possible applicant for genuine organizational position. An effective recruiting method needs a major â€Å"pool† of applicants to decide from and the extra variety inside that group the improved. Getting an acceptable â€Å"pool† of applicants, though, might not be simple, particularly in a stretched employment marketplace. The main amp; primary aim of recruiting is exchange a few words the situations in such a technique that employment hunter reply. Because, extra request get, the recruiters get chance to find out good skill amp; knowledgeable person who is most excellent suitable for the position requirements. A high-quality recruiting method must pull the skilled and dispirit the unskilled. Gathering this double aim will reduce the price of processing unskilled applicants. There are some factors that can affect recruiting efforts; Entire world all organization small or big, first time or another time they always engage amp; involved with recruiting actions. Some organization does more recruiting than others; they have big size requiting factor, an organization with one lacks employees should recruit constantly. So, some organization such fast food, small services, organization amp; firms are paying lower salaries. Some others also have power to do amount of recruiting. The local community have power to make decision on employment how many recruiting takes position in organization. The earlier period of recruiting automatically show in company past capability to situate amp; continue those people who achieve well. And wages amp; package benefits and operational condition these things also have power income amp; as a result, the requirement for future recruiting. Some company not doing well in market but they what little recruit. On the other side we see the company doing well, making good profit amp; expending their business; some example of rising company FedEx and Home Depot. In these companies always recruitment is going on and this company have most important HR activities. Recruitment efforts are big challenge for this well doing company also. Perfect amp; skills employees are flattering harder to position. â€Å"Unemployment in new millennium, although fluctuating, still relatively low. † (Page: 147, Fundamental of HRM) that’s why HRM needs to develop new strategies to position amp; the skills what company wants to achieve their goals amp; objectives. In recruitment there are two parts which can help organization to recruit amp; develop their employees and through employees they can achieve goals of business. The two parts, first is internal search and second is External search. Selection: After recruiting, Selection most important activities, its start from initial screening interview amp; finishing with final employment result. In selection there are eight stages; initial screening interview, finishing application structure, employment exams, comprehensive interview, locale investigation, provisional carer offer, medical and physical tests and permanent work offer. When employees pass all the stages of selection, he or she get job in organization. There are lots of benefits for organization doing selection process on their employees, they get perfect amp; good skill employees and selected employees are capable to achieve goals amp; objective of organization in future. This selection process is foundation stage for organization, the foundation is perfect then outcomes are better and long term. Example: McDonalds fast moving organization, they are selecting many employees in their organization, first they recruit nline and then call employees for interview. In interview they go through selection process and chose key skills employees which helpful for their organization outcomes and goals amp; objective. Training amp; Development: After selection process, training and development of employees are key role of HRM. Through training and development employees know where, what, how amp; etc do work, what organization wants from employees. In trainin g organization show employees what are duties, how to work and training also involve changing skills, knowledge, attitudes of employees. In development organization develops employee’s skills, knowledge, education and etc. HRM mangers decide what training amp; development needs to employees. Example: if any swimmer wants to take part in Olympic 2012, the swimmer need lots of training and develops speed, taking knowledge from coach or senior swimmer; for achieve goal to come first in race. Same, employees need training and development to achieve organization goals and objective. In U. S. A many standard companies spend billions of money on employees training and development. When organization gives perfect training and develops skills amp; knowledge to their employees, organization get lots of benefits and better outcomes according goals amp; objectives of organization. Performance management: Performance management process involve number of activities, in simply they review what employees has done. This process should perform many purposes, and additionally they constrained on problems in how they can manage. Performance judgment should communicate to employees how well they have performed on recognized goals and objectives. And these goals amp; performance determine mutually understanding between the supervisor amp; employee. Without perfect feedback to employee’s efforts amp; its result on performance; we are declining employee’s motivation, this is big risking. The performance valuation process negligent, if process didn’t worry owns self with legal facets to employee performance. Example; supervisor have planed to terminate employee, then supervisor refer to performance subject and reason for terminate a review of employee current performance evaluation shows that performance was estimate the satisfactory or the precedent 2 review times. Thus, unless this employees performance considerably decline, on supervisor’s decision personal records don’t support. This analysis checks by HRM and see the employee reasonably treated and the organization is secure amp; protected. Employee Relation amp; Reward System: Employer amp; its employees good relationship is most importa nt factor for achieve organization goals and objective for success. Employers should to treat their employees with good respect, motivated them and etc to achieve goals amp; success for organization. Some organization does not focus on employee relation so they lose market and productivity. (M. Nandhini, M. Usha amp; Dr. P. Palanivelu) and most of standard organization like McDonald’s, Tesco, Star Bucks, amp; most of American companies and European companies they spent lots of money on employees through reward system for achieve organization goal and objective. Money amp; reward the organization spent on their employees is not expenditure, it is investment. In future through this investment organization gets better outcomes. Example; According to CEO of Starbucks the coffee industry, they give better reward, salary package amp; maintained good relationship with their employees; So the company continue growing. Conclusion: This assignment concludes that HRM department is base for organization people. HRM is processers where people are manage, develop skills amp; knowledge, according to organization goals, objectives. As we learn in this assignment, it’s also motivated, makes good relationship; amp; for better out come organization invest on employees through better pay amp; rewards system also. Recommendation: According to me HRM sector is basic think for organization, if organization need better outcomes and achieve goals, objective of organization. So they should adopt HRM for their organization. When they adopt HRM department to maintain atmosphere amp; environment with better system and they achieve future better outcomes. Organizations are safe from internal amp; external effects when organization have HRM department, as example they safe from employees issues. References: Links; Employee Relationship derived from, http://www. fibre2fashion. om/industry-article/34/3346/employer-employee-relationship-with-reference-to-textile-industries-in-coimbatore-an-analysis1. asp, Assessed on 12 August 2011 Example of workforce diversification available at www. mars. com/other_policies/diversity. as, Assessed on 26 July 2011. Books; Derek Torrington, Laura Hall, Steven Taylor. 1st ed (2009), Fundamental of HRM: Managing people at Work Briscoe D and Schuller R (2004) International Human Resource Management, 2nd ed. , London: Routledge Sparrow P et alia, (2004), Globalising Human Resource Management. London: Routledge Mullins L J (1999) Management and Organisational Behaviour, London: FT/Prentice Hall Torrington D, Hall L amp; Taylor S (1998), Human Resource Management, 5th ed. Harlow: FT/ Prentice Hall Maund L (2001) An Introduction to Human Resource Management: Theory and Practice, New York: Palgrave Greer C R (2001) Strategic Human Resource Management: A General Managerial Perspective, N. J. : FT Prentice Hall Armstrong M (2007) A Handbook for Employee Reward Management and Practice, 2nd ed. , London: Kogan Page Armstrong M (2009) Armstrong’s Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice

Taunts Essay Example For Students

Taunts Essay To taunt your opponent, enter one of the codes below. (Depending on your character, ofcourse.)Bad Mr. Frosty: L, R + B simultaneously or L, R + A simultaneously. Blob: L, R + A simultaneously. Bonker: L, R + A simultaneously. We will write a custom essay on Taunts specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Dr. Kiln: L, R + A simultaneously. Earthworm Jim: L, R + A simultaneously. Houngan: L, R + B simultaneously or L, R + A simultaneously. Icky Bod Clay: L, R + B simultaneously. Kung Pow: L, R + A simultaneously. Sumo Santa: L, R + A simultaneously. Taffy: L, R + B simultaneously. T. Hoppy: L, R + A simultaneously. 300 HIT COMBOSFirst, perform any Combo. When your opponents life meter turns red, execute one of your charactersSpecial Moves. Many hits will follow, and you can still do your characters Claytality!Secret options mode At the character selection screen, hold L and press C-Up, C-Right, C-Left, C-Down, B, A(2). If you entered the code correctly, the screen will flash. Press B to exit, then enter the options menu. Choose the Secret Options selection to access different body sizes, voices, backgrounds, camera flights, claytality timer settings, and camera control using controller four. Play as Sumo Santa At the character selection screen, hold L and press A, C-Down, C-Right, C-Up, C-Left, B. Play as Dr. Kiln At the character selection screen, hold L and press B, C-Left, C-Up, C-Right, C-Down, A. Holding down the left shoulder button (L) at the character selection screen, move joypad Up, Right, Down, Left, Right, Left. Play as Booger ManBy: N64.comHold L and press Top C, Right C, Left C, Bottom C, B, ACPU control At the character selection screen, hold L and press A(5), C-Up, C-Down, C-Left, C-Left, B, A, C-Right. Programmers mode At the character selection screen, hold L and press A, B, A, B, A, B, C-Left, C-Right, C-Up, C-Right, C-Left, C-Right. This mode allows any character to be selected, and has an overhead view of each stage. Random fighter select At the character selection screen, hold L + R. Alternate costume colors At the character selection screen, press A for color scheme one or C-Down for color scheme two, then press B to exit. Same costume colors At the character selection screen, press C-Up on either controller to select any fighter. Then, have the other player highlight the same character and allow the timer to reach zero. Both fighters will now be the same color during the match. Stage select Select two player mode, then press C-Left or C-Right at the screen that displays the current stage. Taunts To taunt your opponent, enter one of the codes below. (Depending on your character, ofcourse.)Bad Mr. Frosty: L, R + B simultaneously or L, R + A simultaneously. Blob: L, R + A simultaneously. Bonker: L, R + A simultaneously. Dr. Kiln: L, R + A simultaneously. Earthworm Jim: L, R + A simultaneously. Houngan: L, R + B simultaneously or L, R + A simultaneously. Icky Bod Clay: L, R + B simultaneously. Kung Pow: L, R + A simultaneously. Sumo Santa: L, R + A simultaneously. Taffy: L, R + B simultaneously. T. Hoppy: L, R + A simultaneously. Move ListMr. FrostySpecial MovesSnow Ball: Bad Mr. Frosty rolls into a ball and hurls himself at his opponent. Hold Back for twoseconds, then press Forward and any Punch. Ice Pick: Bad Mr. Frosty changes his hand into an ice pick and stabs his opponent. Press Down,Down-forward, Forward, any Punch. Ice Skate Dash: Bad Mr. Frosty skis on one leg over to his opponent while yellingSnowblower! Hold Back for two seconds, then press Forward and any Kick. Frosty Splash: Bad Mr. Frosty jumps in the air and hits his opponent with a belly slam. PressDown, Down-back, Back, any Punch. Blizzard Kick: Bad Mr. Frosty jumps in the air and kicks his opponent while yelling Blizzard!Press Forward, Down, Forward, any Kick. Shadow Moves (aka Super Special Moves):Roll (the Control Pad/Stick) Back, Down, Forward twice, then press Kick. .uc4fcd60a463d053b95f2f525faa34b8d , .uc4fcd60a463d053b95f2f525faa34b8d .postImageUrl , .uc4fcd60a463d053b95f2f525faa34b8d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc4fcd60a463d053b95f2f525faa34b8d , .uc4fcd60a463d053b95f2f525faa34b8d:hover , .uc4fcd60a463d053b95f2f525faa34b8d:visited , .uc4fcd60a463d053b95f2f525faa34b8d:active { border:0!important; } .uc4fcd60a463d053b95f2f525faa34b8d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc4fcd60a463d053b95f2f525faa34b8d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc4fcd60a463d053b95f2f525faa34b8d:active , .uc4fcd60a463d053b95f2f525faa34b8d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc4fcd60a463d053b95f2f525faa34b8d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc4fcd60a463d053b95f2f525faa34b8d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc4fcd60a463d053b95f2f525faa34b8d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc4fcd60a463d053b95f2f525faa34b8d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc4fcd60a463d053b95f2f525faa34b8d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc4fcd60a463d053b95f2f525faa34b8d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc4fcd60a463d053b95f2f525faa34b8d .uc4fcd60a463d053b95f2f525faa34b8d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc4fcd60a463d053b95f2f525faa34b8d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Christopher Columbus EssayRoll (the Control Pad/Stick) Forward, Down, Back twice, then press Kick. CombosListed below are a few example combos that Bad Mr. Frosty can do. Experiment with hisSpecial Moves to find more!4-hit Combo: Hold Back for two seconds, then press Forward and Brutal Kick and Fair Kick. While you press Fair Kick, hold Back for a second, then press Forward and Brutal Punch. 7-hit Combo: Jump in, Brutal Punch, Fair Punch, Forward, Down, Forward, Brutal Kick. Combo Breaker: Press Forward, Down,

Importance of News in Democracy

A free media is considered as the backbone of any true democracy. It is the most important source of information for the masses that on the other hand are charged with the responsibility of voting. Since the voters base decisions on how to vote based on the information received, the media then becomes a very powerful tool in politics. These institutions identify problems in society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of News in Democracy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The journalists are always on the lookout for areas of socio political and economic importance with the aim of reporting to the people in order to attract the required responses which may alter the sociopolitical setting of a society. More importantly, the media is the most vocal watchdog charged with the responsibility of unearthing the evils committed by those who wield power. However it is clear that this power is prone to abuse hence r equiring that the media be reasonable so as to maintain democracy. In fact the any democratic society will assume that the media is responsible. A checklist of the most critical democratic functions of the media reveals a wide range of activities. First is the continuous check of the developments in the sociopolitical arena. Secondly, the media offers an unrivalled public platform for the people to debate issues and express themselves especially with the aim of getting the attention of those in power. It also offers a chance for the citizens to learn, make choices and participate more in the political process. In doing this they have to persistently resist any interference from outside aimed at invading their independence hence advance own interests. It is however emerging that these functions are not being fully met. There are concerns that the most powerful media are controlled by a few multinational with both political as well as economic agenda. News has been slowly transformed from being informative to pure entertainment. More emphasis is now on sex, violence, scandals and celebrity gossip. According to critics, these have little or no value in informing and educating the viewers. This subverts the democratic ideology advanced through such means. Even when issues of politics are covered, it is clear that focus is more on personalities instead of ideology.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In absence of issue based news, the electorate is exposed to skewed political propaganda which not only misinforms them but also makes them cynical and disinterested in politics. In other areas it has been observed that the watchdogs bark at the wrong things. The news coverage of scandals in private lives of celebrities, politicians and other such issues is done in full ignorance of the consequences (Curran, 2005, p99). The news is now more often than not heightenin g fear for the wrong things. Minor hazards are often blown out of proportion leading to extra ordinary resources being allocated towards eliminating such hazards. This is done at the expense of more deserving dangers in society which go unnoticed but continue to pose danger to the society. Again, there has been failure in the news to adequately cover wrongs in certain industries. The tobacco industry is one such industry. Advertisers appear to have put lots of pressure on media to suppress information relating to the hazards of smoking. In addition, some mass media including magazines especially those targeting the women promote dubious health products hence conspiring with manufacturers to swindle billions from consumers. All these claims have been fairly studied and seen to be largely true. This then necessitates a review of the way democracy works and the power of media in subverting democracy. The social and political outcomes of misinformation by the media are not yet fully exh austed. The outcomes on the democratic process due to commercialization of news are numerous. The development of the society is influenced in many ways. This creates the need to integrate findings from different disciplines to address the problem (Curran, 2005, p99). The economic factor Most media channels are privately owned and hence are pure investments requiring sustainable revenues to guarantee returns. For most of them, a greater percentage of revenues are generated through sponsorships and advertisements. This being the case, the newspaper, and TV and radio stations will definitely seek to best satisfy the specific interests of those who guarantee their revenue. These interests however are not in many ways similar to the interest of the viewers, readers and listeners. The predominant assumption among economists is that a free market benefits that entire society as it gives opportunity for more players meaning that there is higher differentiation and at a competitive price. Th is reasoning dictates much of the western media policies today. However, it is also clear that full competition in the market does not always meet the market expectations. Issues of market failure exist. This is as a result of the fact that the free forces of demand and supply do not always maximize welfare. Products such as public goods including healthcare cannot be solely delivered by private firms.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of News in Democracy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On these note, news delivered by media houses influenced by commercial interests, public interest is only served to the extent to which they coincide with the interests of the advertisers. Consequently, just the same way a public good may not be adequately provided to the public, news contains inadequate quantities of information of public interest. This is probably the most important reason why most countries have mai ntained public television and radio stations as public obligations are equally important to the state. The assumption that competition increases diversity and hence expands democracy may only be true in theory. This is so yet numerous policies have been developed to propagate higher competition to ensure that all interests are served. However, this approach has failed many times. Instead of achieving diversity in the delivery of news to propagate democracy duplication is the norm. Popular programs are simply duplicated across many competing media hence defeating the whole concept of diversity. According to analysts, modest competition is much better in achieving diversity of content in the media as opposed to the cut throat competition advocated for in the west. When a country has about three television stations each with one channel, then each of these competing stations will be tempted to duplicate the same popular news content in a bid to expand their market share. But if the cha nnels have one owner, then there is a likelihood that each of the channels would seek to offer different content t minimize competition. In this case then, decreased competition is seen to increase diversity. As mentioned above free press is critical input in any democracy. Even in the early days, early theorists argued that openness and publicity were the most important tools to protect the masses from tyrannical rulership. This made the media earn the title â€Å"the fourth estate† another arm of the government providing crucial checks and balances hence ensuring effective governance. An effective watchdog is important especially in democracies with weak institutions and huge political pressures. When the executive, judiciary and legislative arms of government are subject to corruption, only the media can check any abuse of power. Despite the risks, news in modern democracies has exposed presidents, prime ministers, judges and even legislators. In fact the watchdogs do not just watch out for corruption but also against some natural disasters. It is claimed that famine does not occur in functional democracies. This is because the media is always ready to fill the news agenda with information concerning the famine hence prompting necessary action towards elimination of the drought. The authorities cannot ignore such information because this would amount to political suicide.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The media also acts as a conduit between the governed and the governors. Through the discussions provided, policies are interrogated to ensure that they best fit the interests of the masses. As a request decision making is seen to incorporate those to be affected and there is improved relations and understanding between the two parties. This aide in the development of a civic culture among the masses which emphasizes on dialogue as opposed to conflict. Also, the media has become an important tool for poverty reduction as well as national reconciliation and popular empowerment. Issues of poverty reduction do not only entail reallocation of resources from the rich to the poor. It also entails availing information for the poor so that they are better able to participate in a bigger scale in the political as well as social processes. This is based on the understanding that it is difficult for the poor to push for their rights yet they do not even understand them. If the poor are not inf ormed about the laws and procedures followed in order to obtain their entitlements or remedy what is deprived then it is really difficult to uplift them from the poverty. This is so yet democracy cannot be said to be embedded in a society where the very poor and powerless cannot be heard. News does provide this information to the poor hence encouraging them to take part in public life (Keane, 2005, p215). In most cases news are structured in such a way as to ensure that they give a voice to the marginalized. When information about poverty gender and ethnic as well as religious discrimination come to the forefront through news, then the entire public is involved in unearthing the vice and bringing up commonly agreeable solutions against social injustices. This way, news can help ease social tensions and conflicts and also promote reconciliation among different social groupings. In other cases though the news agenda is used proxies to extend political battles. This can be retrospectiv e as it enables few powerful people to sow divisiveness rather than build consensus. Rather than propagate sober debates, news can elicit deep suspicion and hate as well as social mistrust. In such cases then the news do not serve to encourage democracy. This can build cynicism hence subverting democracy. In some countries the news agencies have brought down governments due to investigative reporting. This is evidenced by the fall of governments in Latin America as a result of sustained news coverage of human rights violations, corruption and other social ills. At least four presidents in the Latin America fell due to pressure from the media. Fernando Collor de Mello came down in 1992; in Ecuador, Abdala Bucara’s downfall was in 1997; Carlos Perez of Venezuela fell in 2003 while Alberto Fujimori of Ecuador fell in 2000. All these presidents fell due to exposure of massive corruption and undercut dealings which were blown out by credible media houses leaving the culprits with no choice but to leave office. Such outcomes gave a lot of credibility for viewers in the region (McCullagh, 2002, p88). However such brave reporting requires that the journalists be protected by a functional and independent judiciary as well as security forces. This creates a chicken and egg dilemma. The freedoms of the media may not be guaranteed if other government institutions are dysfunctional. However these institutions cannot be fully functional unless there are independent checks like the media. From this point then it is left to the crusading journalists with the nerve to broadcast critical news. Recommendations Democracy is definitely propagated through dissemination of news by the media whose rights are protected. In addition, the news has to be developed by people with the requisite skills to ensure in-depth and holistic reporting as demanded by modern day democracies. The power of the media cannot be under estimated thus requiring that news is developed in a manner that is not only accountable to the public but also in observation of both professional and ethical standards (Keane, 2005, p45). The authenticity of news to propagate democracy is only guaranteed when the media houses are financially stable and free from manipulation by the owners. The power of news is however enhanced when the reach is widespread towards a large part of the society. This is because democracy does suffer whenever a sizeable proportion of the society cannot be reached by the media. Numerous initiatives have been explored in a bid to ensure that news coverage is free from manipulation or control by the powerful in society. In countries with weak democracies there have been deliberate efforts to protect the journalists. This is because independent delivery of news will more often than not brush the powerful groups in the wrong ways. Therefore specific laws have been passed to guarantee the rights of journalists as well as those who blow the whistle. Outdated laws restrict information flow and also impose heavy penalties for libels and defamations which in effect stifle the efforts put by the media. In addition, many countries have press associations which are charged with the responsibility of monitoring media freedom and pointing out issues relating to any attempts to stifle the freedom of the press. This way the news content is largely protected from malicious interference. This speeds up the process of achieving even greater democracy. In conclusion, news remains the most important piece of media broadcasting as it disseminates direct reports to people with minimal requirement for further processing. The news are compressed and delivered at specific times to ensure maximum reach. This being the case, contents should be free from any partisan interest in order to paint the correct picture of the socio political and economic situation as this is what ensures that democracy thrives. Reference List Curran, J. 2005.†What democracy requires of th e media â€Å"in the press. Keane, J. 2005. â€Å"Journalism and democracy across borders† in the press ed.G. Overholser K. Hall Jamieson, London:Routledge. McCullagh, C. 2002. â€Å"The production of media messages: who sets the media agenda?† media power London: Palgrave. 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Findings and Suggestions for Unemployment in Pakistan Essays

Findings and Suggestions for Unemployment in Pakistan Essays Findings and Suggestions for Unemployment in Pakistan Essay Findings and Suggestions for Unemployment in Pakistan Essay FINDINGS: Following are the findings of the study, 1. Conducted survey shows that 37% of post graduate are un employed in Pakistan. 2. 53. 33% people are those who applied 1-3 times and then they get job . So we may conclude that people are ambitious. 3. Result shows that 68% people are those who done 1-2 jobs. 4. When asked that do their jobs match with their qualification 63% replied in negative. 5. 69% people told that they are satisfied with their pay. 6. 41. 34% respondents are those whose duration of last job was more than 6months.. 7. 46. 7% people quit jobs due to personal reasons in which the main reason is that the pay was not enough 8. 49% respondents were supportive members of their family while 51% respondents were non supporting. 9. When asked 69. 33% responded said that gov job is better then private job. 10. 37% select peoples due to pensions. 11. 53. 30% people says that there are more chances for progress in private jobs. 12. According to sur vey 42. 67% responded said that main reason of unemployment is extreme growth in population. 13. Candidates told that 36% are selected on behalf of test and Experience. 14. According to the survey research 54. 65% people prefer professional education and 40% people technical education. Now a days professional and technical education has more importance. 15. 64% Responses shows that women’s job play an important role in increasing unemployment. 16. Result show that attitude of getting high level job doesn’t plays a any role in spreading unemployment Opinion of most of the people about this question is that every one wants to earn instead of wasting time. SUGGESTIONS: Following recommendations and suggestions in order to reduce the unemployment in society, 1. Birth rate of country must be kept with in the reasonable limits. 2. Education must be constructive and beneficial, so that the government should open different institutes for technical and professional educational. 3. Selection of candidate must be fair. 4. Working environment must be pleasant for encouraging females. 5. Jobs level and salary must be according to the qualification. 6. Bonus must be given on good performance in order to encourage the workers. 7. Government should provide job opportunities to skill –persons al small level. 8. Govt. should make efforts to push economic growth process. 9. : For this purpose Economic Revival Package should announce for the revival of industries sector, to stimulate production and investment. 10. Govt. should announce a package for the development of agriculture sector. 11. Beside this a number of fiscal and monetary measures should take to attract industrialists and particularly foreign investment. 12. More Technical and Vocational training facilities should be provided. In this way unemployed people will get the chance to enhance their skills and become able to earn reasonable income. 13. With a view to reduce educate unemployment; self-employment scheme should be encouraged in true manners.

Market Failure and Government Intervention Essay

Market Failure and Government Intervention - Essay Example Market failure is a situation that describes a situation where the effects of demand and supply do not allocate their resources appropriately. This will, therefore, lead to a situation that defines market failure as a marketplace where the unauthorized price system leads to an extremely high or low allocation of resources for specific economic activities. Market failure is always inherent to the market and consequently causes the market equilibrium allocation to be inadequate. In relation to the theorem of welfare economics, there is a possibility that under absolute conditions the allocation of resources in the long-run competitive equilibrium is efficient. Unfortunately, most of the markets always fail in the allocation of various economic and environmental resources thus making the overall allocation of resources inadequate. Adam Smith’s invisible hand is always a major principle in the allocation of resources. Various economists always refer these types of problems to approve the role for government intervention. A prominent economist once urged that existence of a free market always find it challenging to do away with the need for the government (Aldridge, 2005). In a situation where the positive externalities extremely exceed private benefits, the good produced or services provide become non-profitable in the market context, there will be always some benefits associated with goods or services that are allocated free. For example, one puts security lights in his or her compound to light the compound and neighbors use the light too to light their compounds free. The problem is that the market system cannot easily supply goods or services provided that are jointly consumed (Besanko, 2011). Consequently, for a market to work appropriately a two-party agreement is quite preferable. When non-paying parties cannot easily be excluded from the benefits of goods or services where the problem of the free rider arises. Good examples for such a situation include street lighting, roads, bridges, and drainage systems.